The passing of former Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari on July 13, 2025, marks the end of a significant chapter in Nigeria’s political history. At 82, Buhari’s life and career spanned pivotal moments—from military leadership to becoming the first opposition candidate to unseat a sitting president in Nigeria’s democratic era. As the nation mourns, it is important to reflect on the complexities of his legacy, the milestones he achieved, and the challenges that defined his leadership.
From Military General to Head of State
Muhammadu Buhari’s rise to prominence began in the Nigerian military, where he was known for his discipline and commitment. In January 1984, he seized power as the military head of state after a coup that ended the civilian government of President Shehu Shagari. Buhari’s military regime was characterized by a strict anti-corruption campaign and efforts to restore order amid economic turmoil. His government introduced austerity measures and sought to tackle indiscipline, which earned him both admiration and criticism.
However, his military rule was also marked by authoritarian tendencies. Critics point to human rights abuses and suppression of dissent during his tenure, which lasted until August 1985 when he was overthrown in another coup. Despite this, Buhari’s reputation as a no-nonsense leader was firmly established.
The Long Road Back to Democracy
After his military rule, Buhari remained a significant figure in Nigerian politics. In 1994, he was appointed Executive Chairman of the Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF) under the regime of General Sani Abacha. In this role, he oversaw major infrastructure projects that contributed to Nigeria’s development, reinforcing his image as a man of integrity and efficiency.
Buhari’s transition to democratic politics was marked by persistence. He contested presidential elections multiple times before finally winning in 2015. His victory was historic—it was the first time an opposition candidate defeated an incumbent president in Nigeria, a milestone that many hailed as a triumph for the country’s democracy.
Presidency: Achievements and Controversies
Buhari’s two terms as a democratically elected president (2015-2023) were defined by a focus on anti-corruption, security, and economic reform. His administration launched aggressive campaigns against graft, strengthening institutions like the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). Many Nigerians applauded these efforts as necessary steps toward transparency and accountability.
Security, however, remained a daunting challenge. Nigeria faced persistent threats from Boko Haram insurgents, banditry, and communal conflicts. Buhari’s military background gave hope to many that he could restore peace, but critics argue that insecurity worsened under his watch.
Economically, Buhari’s government grappled with fluctuating oil prices and recessionary pressures. His policies aimed at diversification and infrastructure development met with mixed results. While some sectors showed growth, unemployment and inflation remained stubborn problems.
Honors and Global Recognition
Throughout his career, Buhari received numerous honors, including Nigeria’s highest national award, the Grand Commander of the Federal Republic (GCFR). His military decorations and international awards, such as the Global Seal of Integrity, underscored his stature as a respected leader both at home and abroad.
A Legacy of Complexity
Muhammadu Buhari’s legacy is neither simple nor universally agreed upon. To some, he was a patriot who dedicated his life to fighting corruption and stabilizing Nigeria. To others, his rule was marked by missed opportunities and authoritarian impulses.
His death invites Nigerians to engage in a sober reflection on what his leadership meant for the country’s democratic evolution. Buhari’s historic 2015 election victory remains a beacon of hope for democratic progress, even as debates continue over the effectiveness of his governance.
National Mourning and Looking Forward
As Nigeria prepares to honor Buhari with a state funeral, the nation stands united in mourning a leader who shaped its history in profound ways. His passing is a moment for Nigerians to come together, celebrate achievements, and learn from the challenges of his time.
In remembering Muhammadu Buhari, Nigeria remembers a complex figure whose life mirrored the struggles and aspirations of a nation still striving for unity, stability, and good governance.
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